James II became the king of England in 1685 AD. He had got a very secure throne. The situation was in favor of the monarchy. The opposition party had been crushed. The principle of uncontested obedience to the state had been accepted. Most of the members of parliament were supporters of the divine right of the king. James II himself turned the situation upside down and he eventually had to flee the throne. The revolution of England which took place in 1688 AD is also called "Glorious Revolution". ENGLAND'S REVOLUTION IN A NUTSHELL The revolution of 1688 AD took place during the reign of James II. James II himself had prepared the environment for the revolution. All the people of the party were dissatisfied with his actions. He was convinced that the king wanted to repeat the autocratic rule. James II wanted to increase the power of the Roman Catholic Church. He wanted to appoint Catholics to important positions in the state. He wanted to make his authority paramount by the right to suspend or repeal any law. He wanted to abolish the Test Act and so he only allowed his supporters judges to remain in the court. He wanted to control the opponents with the help of standing army. The people of England were tolerating the cruel rule of James II because after his death Catholic rule in England would end. But in June, 1688, a son was born to the second Catholic wife of James II. The birth of a son made the revolution of England inevitable. The people were convinced that the policy of James II would continue for eternity. People were frightened by this fear. They tried to end Catholic rule by revolution. Due to unfavorable circumstances, James II abdicated. William III and Mary were declared Emperor and Empress of England. The "Declaration of Rights" was prepared. All actions of James II were declared illegal. The rights of the subjects and Parliament were confirmed. The "Declaration of Rights" was prepared. All actions of James II were declared illegal. The rights of the subjects and Parliament were confirmed. The "Declaration of Rights" was prepared. All actions of James II were declared illegal. The rights of the subjects and Parliament were confirmed. DUE TO THE REVOLUTION OF 1688 AD Following were the main reasons for the revolution of England of 1688 AD - THE RELIGIOUS POLICY OF JAMES II James II was a staunch Catholic. He had a deep faith in the principles of Catholicism. He wanted to appoint Catholics to the chief positions of the state. Seeing this partiality, the Protestant people started opposing the works of James. James II took many drastic steps to suppress the opponents. A court named High Commission was established. No one had the right to criticize or condemn Catholicism. Despite opposition, James II continued to preach Catholicism. FRIENDLY RELATIONS WITH FRANCE James II believed that if needed, King Louis XIV of France would help him with army and money. For this reason, he tried his best to maintain friendly relations with France. He provided facilities for Roman Catholics and oppressed the followers of Protestant religion. The Protestant people of England could not tolerate such atrocities. He began to oppose James II. INDIFFERENCE TO TEST ACT According to the Test Act, only followers of the English Church could be appointed as state employees. Because of this rule Catholics could not be appointed. So James II tried to repeal the Test Act but Parliament did not allow this to happen. Dissatisfied with this, James II adjourned Parliament itself. EXERCISING THE RIGHT OF SUSPENSION AND RELEASE James II said that the king can postpone or cancel any rule if necessary. Using this right, he repealed all laws made against Catholics. The people of England opposed the king. UNIVERSITY INTERVENTION James II also intervened in the affairs of the university. Catholics were appointed to high positions in the university. The vice-chancellor of Cambridge University was fired because he refused to award a degree to a Catholic. Propagation of Catholicism was also arranged at Oxford University. A staunch Roman Catholic was appointed to the post of President of Christ Church. The people of England were also dissatisfied with the interference in the affairs of the university. ESTABLISHMENT OF RELIGIOUS COURT In 1686 AD, James II established the Religious Court. The main purpose of this court was to compel the clergy to act according to the wishes of the king. Opponents of Catholicism were severely punished by the religious court. INCREASE IN STANDING ARMY James II had secured the throne. At that time there was neither the possibility of internal opposition nor the fear of foreign invasion. Nevertheless James II wanted to increase the standing army. Most of the soldiers were Catholic. It was natural for people to panic because of this. He was convinced that James II would establish autocratic rule with the help of the standing army and spread Catholicism. POLICY TOWARDS SCOTLAND AND IRELAND The autocratic rule of James II had an impact on Scotland and Ireland as well. He also appointed Catholics to high positions there. The Protestants of Ireland were horrified. Roman Catholics were given full religious freedom in Scotland. This increased discontent among the people, due to which the revolution was possible later. ELECTION INTERFERENCE James II also started interfering in the election. He also started nominating the members of Parliament. He wanted to increase the number of his supporters in Parliament. Members of Parliament were dissatisfied with this. TRIAL OF SEVEN PRIESTS James II published the second proclamation in 1688 AD. He ordered every church in the state to read it on two consecutive Sundays. The King's declaration had not received the approval of the Parliament. Therefore to accept the king's order was to accept the king's autocracy. The Archbishop of Canterbury and six other bishops submitted an application to the king demanding the withdrawal of the order. James II prosecuted him by accusing him of treason. But the court declared the bishops innocent. Due to this people ran a wave of joy and enthusiasm. BIRTH OF A SON As we have also written above that James II gave birth to a son from his Catholic wife. Due to this people started to feel that these Catholics would always dominate them in future also. They were convinced that the child would be raised in a Catholic environment and given a Catholic education. Thus Catholic rule would continue after the death of James II. People got frightened by this asana. Now they could end Catholic rule only through revolution. RESULTS OF REVOLUTION The power of the king decreased. The powers of the Parliament increased. After the revolution many acts were made. Religious tolerance was promoted. Estimated the details and debts of expenditure of navy, land army etc. The court got independence. By defeating France, England adopted a new European policy. Scotland received constitutional and political benefits from the revolution. The revolution did not have a good effect on Ireland. Ireland's wool trade collapsed. The revolution of 1688 AD was an epoch-making event in the history of England. The tradition of autocratic monarchy ended and the king was confined within the legal limits. 1689 AD The Bill of Rights was passed in. According to this, the king could neither postpone any law, nor implement any new law, nor impose new tax, nor could he pardon any person without the consent of Parliament. It was also made clear that anyone who married a Catholic or Catholic woman would not be entitled to the throne of England. In place of autocratic monarchy, rule-approved rule was established. The power of Parliament increased. She began to control the monarchy and became her sole authority over the treasury. The rebel-law was passed by the parliament. This led to the control of Parliament over the army. The election of Parliament was made mandatory every third year by passing the Triennial Act. Religious freedom was given to all Protestant denominations by passing the Tolerance Act. In 1701 AD, succession became a decisive law. Accordingly, it was decided that the King of England would be Protestant. Complete control of Parliament was established over the executive, judiciary and legislature. Now the Parliament became sovereign instead of the king. The autocracy of the king ended and the sovereignty of Parliament was established. I am an Indian History Teacher. I Help Students in Govt Exam Preparation. Today We Have Discussed The GLORIOUS REVOLUTION OF ENGLAND. If can also learn about French Revolution.

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